Epidemiology of childhood acute leukemias in marginalized populations of the central-south region of Mexico: results from a population-based registry.

Introduction: Acute leukemias (AL) are the main types of cancer in children worldwide. In Mexico, they represent one of the main causes of death in children under 20 years of age. Most of the studies on the incidence of AL in Mexico have been developed in the urban context of Greater Mexico City and no previous studies have been conducted in the central-south of the country through a population-based study. The aim of the present work was to identify the general and specific incidence rates of pediatric AL in three states of the south-central region of Mexico considered as some of the marginalized populations of Mexico (Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Oaxaca). Methods: A population-based study was conducted. Children aged less than 20 years, resident in these states, and newly diagnosed with AL in public/private hospitals during the period 2021-2022 were identified. Crude incidence rates (cIR), standardized incidence rates (ASIRw), and incidence rates by state subregions (ASIRsr) were calculated. Rates were calculated using the direct and indirect method and reported per million children under 20 years of age. In addition, specific rates were calculated by age group, sex, leukemia subtype, and immunophenotype. Results: A total of 388 cases with AL were registered. In the three states, the ASIRw for AL was 51.5 cases per million (0-14 years); in Puebla, it was 53.2, Tlaxcala 54.7, and Oaxaca de 47.7. In the age group between 0-19 years, the ASIRw were 44.3, 46.4, 48.2, and 49.6, in Puebla, Tlaxcala, and Oaxaca, respectively. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the most common subtype across the three states. Conclusion: The incidence of childhood AL in the central-south region of Mexico is within the range of rates reported in other populations of Latin American origin. Two incidence peaks were identified for lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias. In addition, differences in the incidence of the disease were observed among state subregions which could be attributed to social factors linked to the ethnic origin of the inhabitants. Nonetheless, this hypothesis requires further investigation.

Factores asociados a la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con diabetes sin hipertensión arterial

Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sin hipertensión arterial. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sin hipertensión arterial. Se integraron el grupo con adherencia al tratamiento (n = 145) y el grupo sin adherencia al tratamiento (n = 49), determinado por la escala de adherencia a la medicación de Morisky de 4 ítems (MMAS-4). Como factores asociados, se estudiaron sexo, vida en pareja, escolaridad, ocupación, edad agrupada en decenios y tiempo de evolución de la diabetes agrupada en menos de un año, de 1 a 5 años, de 6 a 10 años y más de 10 años. El plan de análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba de ji al cuadrado. Resultados: Se identificaron el sexo (p = 0,045), la vida en pareja (p = 0,045), la edad (p = 0,001) y el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad (p = 0,001) como factores asociados a la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico. La escolaridad no se identificó como un factor asociado a la adherencia terapéutica en el paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (p = 0,289). A mayor edad, menor adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en el paciente con diabetes: el punto de corte se presenta a los 60 años; después de esta edad, el porcentaje en el grupo no adherente es mayor que en el grupo con adherencia (p = 0,001). A mayor tiempo de evolución de la diabetes, menor probabilidad de adherencia; en el grupo no adherente, el porcentaje de pacientes con más de 10 años de evolución es 67,3 % y en el grupo con adherencia el porcentaje corresponde a 33,8 % (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: Se identificaron los factores asociados a la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 sin hipertensión arterial.

Objective: To identify the factors associated with adherence to drug therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without hypertension. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, analytical study conducted with patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without hypertension, divided into an adherent group (n = 145) and a non-adherent group (n = 49), determined by the 4-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-4). The associated factors were sex, cohabitation, schooling, occupation, age in 10-year groups and diabetes progression time grouped in less than 1 year, from 1 to 5 years, from 6 to 10 years and more than 10 years. The statistical analysis plan included the chi-square test. Results: The factors associated with adherence to drug therapy were identified as sex (p = 0.045), cohabitation (p = 0.045), age (p = 0.001) and disease progression time (p = 0.001). Schooling was not identified as a factor associated with adherence to drug therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.289). The older the patient with diabetes, the lower the adherence to drug therapy; the cut-off point was 60 years of age, after which the percentage in the non-adherent group was higher than in the adherent group (p = 0.001). The longer the diabetes progression time, the lower the probability of adherence; in the non-adherent group the percentage of patients with more than 10 years of disease progression was 67.3 % and in the adherent group the percentage was 33.8 % (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The factors associated with adherence to drug therapy among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without hypertension were identified

Asociación del incremento del índice de masa corporal y la presencia de infección de las vías urinarias en primigestas

Introducción. La condición nutricional de la mujer antes y durante el embarazo es uno de los determinantes del riesgo de morbimortalidad materna. Objetivo. Determinar la relación del incremento del índice de masa corporal y la presencia de infección de las vías urinarias en primigestas. Métodos. Estudio de casos y controles en expedientes de primigestas. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas (edad, escolaridad, vida en pareja y ocupación), condiciones obstétricas (riesgo obstétrico, semanas de inicio del control prenatal, semanas de resolución del embarazo y número de consultas prenatales), antropometría al inicio y al final del embarazo (peso, talla, índice de masa corporal y condición nutricional -peso bajo, peso normal, sobrepeso y obesidad-, ganancia de peso y ganancia de índice de masa corporal) y modificación de la condición nutricional al inicio y al final del embarazo. El análisis estadístico se efectuó con porcentajes, promedios, intervalos de confianza para promedios, prueba de chi2, razón de momios, intervalos de confianza para razón de momios, regresión lineal simple y proyección de la ocurrencia del evento. Resultados. Cuando el incremento del índice de masa corporal fue de 5 kg/m2, el promedio de infección de las vías urinarias correspondió a 1,62 y, si el incremento del índice de masa corporal fue 10 kg/m2, el promedio de infección de las vías urinarias fue 2,3. Conclusión. En nuestro estudio, a mayor incremento del índice de masa corporal durante el embarazo de la primigesta, mayor fue su probabilidad de presentar infección de las vías urinarias.

Introduction: The nutritional status of women before and during pregnancy is one of the determinants of the risk of maternal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To determine the relationship between the increase in body mass index and the presence of urinary tract infection in primigravidae. Methods: Case-control study in primigravidae records. We studied sociodemographic variables (age, schooling, life as a couple and occupation), obstetric conditions (obstetric risk, weeks of beginning of prenatal control, weeks of pregnancy resolution and number of prenatal visits), anthropometry at the beginning and end of pregnancy (weight, height, body mass index and nutritional condition -underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity-, weight gain and body mass index gain), and modification of nutritional condition at the beginning and end of pregnancy. Statistical analysis was performed with percentages, averages, confidence intervals for averages, Chi2 test, odds ratio, confidence intervals for odds ratio, simple linear regression, and projection of event occurrence. Results: When the increase in body mass index was 5 kg/m2, the mean urinary tract infection corresponded to 1.62 and, if the increase in body mass index was 10 kg/m2, the mean urinary tract infection was 2.3. Conclusion: In our study, the greater the increase in body mass index during pregnancy of the primigravida, the greater her probability of presenting urinary tract infection.

Prevalence of gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension in pregnant women with pregestational obesity / Prevalencia de diabetes e hipertensión gestacional en embarazadas con obesidad pregestacional

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir la prevalencia de diabetes gestacional e hipertensión arterial en pacientes embarazadas con obesidad pregestacional. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo llevado a cabo en mujeres embarazadas con diagnóstico previo de obesidad (índice de masa corporal superior a 29.99) y con control prenatal. Parámetros evaluados: estilo de vida (alimentación, actividad física, consumo de alcohol, tabaco o alguna toxicomanía) y características físicas, clínicas y bioquímicas durante el embarazo actual por trimestre (índice de masa corporal, glucosa, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica). El diagnóstico de diabetes gestacional se estableció mediante una prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa entre las semanas 24 y 28 de embarazo. La hipertensión gestacional se diagnosticó por cifras de presión arterial mayores e iguales a 140-90 mmHg a partir de la semana 20 de embarazo y en ausencia de proteinuria. El análisis estadístico incluyó porcentajes, promedios e intervalos de confianza. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de diabetes gestacional en embarazadas con obesidad fue 13.7% (IC95%: 9.6 a 17.9) y la de hipertensión gestacional en embarazadas con obesidad 7.4% (IC95%: 4.3 a 10.6). CONCLUSIÓN: La obesidad es un factor conocido de riesgos, en particular de diabetes e hipertensión en el embarazo. Su alta prevalencia hace necesario implementar campañas de prevención que favorezcan su reducción.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of gestational diabetes and arterial hypertension in pregnant patients with pre-pregnancy obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study in pregnant women with a diagnosis of obesity prior to pregnancy (body mass index greater than 29.99) and with prenatal care. The sample size was 269 pregnant women. Lifestyle (diet, physical activity, alcohol, tobacco or drug addiction) and physical, clinical and biochemical characteristics during the current pregnancy were evaluated by gestational trimester (body mass index, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The diagnosis of gestational diabetes was established by a glucose tolerance test between the 24th and 28th week of gestation and gestational hypertension was diagnosed by blood pressure figures greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg from the 20th week of gestation and in the absence of proteinuria. Statistical analysis included percentages, means, and confidence intervals. RESULTS: The prevalence of gestational diabetes in obese pregnant women was 13.7% (95%CI: 9.6-17.9) and the prevalence of gestational hypertension in obese pregnant women was 7.4% (95%CI: 4.3-10.6). CONCLUSION: Obesity is a known risk factor, particularly for diabetes and hypertension in pregnancy. Its high prevalence makes it necessary to implement prevention campaigns to reduce it.

Evaluation of the prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as a therapy for preventing iron deficiency anemia in infants.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency prevalence in infants is high. Therefore, iron supplementation has been recommended and specified as a program. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive therapy for iron deficiency anemia in young infants. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical records of young infants with eight visits per year. We analyzed a total of 287 records. The prescription characteristics included five criteria prescription indication, age at prescription, dosage, periodicity, and time. These characteristics were scored as follows 1 point when it was considered adequate and 0 when it was considered inadequate; the minimum possible score was 0, and the maximum possible score was 5 points. Statistical analysis included percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: The prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as preventive therapy in infants under one year of age was indicated in 100% of the records reviewed. All five criteria were met in 18.1% of the reviewed records (95%CI 13.6-22.6). The lowest compliance corresponded to adequate dosage (29.2%; 95%CI 23.9-34.5). Age at prescription was correct in 75.9% (95%CI 70.9-80.9); duration of prescription was correct in 44.2% (95%CI 38.4-50.0), and periodicity was proper in 31.1% (95%CI 25.9-36.7) of the files reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive measure for anemia in infants was not as expected; interventions are needed to reverse this behavior.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Debido a que la prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro en el lactante es alta, el aporte de hierro se ha recomendado como suplemento y se ha concretado como programa. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como terapia de prevención de anemia ferropénica en el lactante menor. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal de expedientes clínicos de lactantes menores con ocho consultas al año. Se analizaron 287 expedientes. Las características de prescripción incluyeron cinco criterios: indicación de prescripción, edad de indicación, dosificación, periodicidad y tiempo. Se calificó con 1 punto cuando la característica se consideró adecuada y con 0 cuando se consideró inadecuada; la puntuación mínima posible fue 0 y la puntuación máxima posible de 5 puntos. El análisis estadístico incluyó porcentajes e intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95%. RESULTADOS: El patrón de prescripción del sulfato ferroso como terapia preventiva en el menor de un año se encontró indicado en 100% de los expedientes revisados. Se cumplió exactamente con los cinco criterios en el 18.1% de los expedientes revisados (IC95% 13.6-22.6); el cumplimiento más bajo correspondió a la dosificación adecuada (29.2%; IC95% 23.9-34.5). La edad de inicio fue correcta en el 75.9% (IC95% 70.9-80.9); la duración de la prescripción fue correcta en el 44.2% (IC95% 38.4-50.0) y la periodicidad fue correcta en el 31.1% (IC95% 25.9-36.7) de los expedientes revisados. CONCLUSIONES: El cumplimiento de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como medida preventiva de la anemia en lactantes no fue el esperado, por lo que se requiere adoptar intervenciones para revertir este comportamiento.

Evaluation of the prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as a therapy for preventing iron deficiency anemia in infants / Evaluación del patrón de prescripción de sulfato ferroso como terapia de prevención de anemia ferropénica en el lactante

Abstract Background: Iron deficiency prevalence in infants is high. Therefore, iron supplementation has been recommended and specified as a program. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive therapy for iron deficiency anemia in young infants. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical records of young infants with eight visits per year. We analyzed a total of 287 records. The prescription characteristics included five criteria prescription indication, age at prescription, dosage, periodicity, and time. These characteristics were scored as follows 1 point when it was considered adequate and 0 when it was considered inadequate; the minimum possible score was 0, and the maximum possible score was 5 points. Statistical analysis included percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The prescription pattern of ferrous sulfate as preventive therapy in infants under one year of age was indicated in 100% of the records reviewed. All five criteria were met in 18.1% of the reviewed records (95%CI 13.6-22.6). The lowest compliance corresponded to adequate dosage (29.2%; 95%CI 23.9-34.5). Age at prescription was correct in 75.9% (95%CI 70.9-80.9); duration of prescription was correct in 44.2% (95%CI 38.4-50.0), and periodicity was proper in 31.1% (95%CI 25.9-36.7) of the files reviewed. Conclusions: Compliance with the prescription of ferrous sulfate as a preventive measure for anemia in infants was not as expected; interventions are needed to reverse this behavior.

Resumen Introducción: Debido a que la prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro en el lactante es alta, el aporte de hierro se ha recomendado como suplemento y se ha concretado como programa. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como terapia de prevención de anemia ferropénica en el lactante menor. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal de expedientes clínicos de lactantes menores con ocho consultas al año. Se analizaron 287 expedientes. Las características de prescripción incluyeron cinco criterios: indicación de prescripción, edad de indicación, dosificación, periodicidad y tiempo. Se calificó con 1 punto cuando la característica se consideró adecuada y con 0 cuando se consideró inadecuada; la puntuación mínima posible fue 0 y la puntuación máxima posible de 5 puntos. El análisis estadístico incluyó porcentajes e intervalos de confianza (IC) al 95%. Resultados: El patrón de prescripción del sulfato ferroso como terapia preventiva en el menor de un año se encontró indicado en 100% de los expedientes revisados. Se cumplió exactamente con los cinco criterios en el 18.1% de los expedientes revisados (IC95% 13.6-22.6); el cumplimiento más bajo correspondió a la dosificación adecuada (29.2%; IC95% 23.9-34.5). La edad de inicio fue correcta en el 75.9% (IC95% 70.9-80.9); la duración de la prescripción fue correcta en el 44.2% (IC95% 38.4-50.0) y la periodicidad fue correcta en el 31.1% (IC95% 25.9-36.7) de los expedientes revisados. Conclusiones: El cumplimiento de la prescripción de sulfato ferroso como medida preventiva de la anemia en lactantes no fue el esperado, por lo que se requiere adoptar intervenciones para revertir este comportamiento.

Effect of a light-darkness cycle on the body weight gain of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit.

The Continuous bright light conditions to which premature infants are subjected while hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) can have deleterious effects in terms of growth and development. This study evaluates the benefits of a light/darkness cycle (LDC) in weight and early hospital discharge from the NICU. Subjects were recruited from three participating institutions in Mexico. Eligible patients (n = 294) were premature infants who were hospitalized in the low-risk and high-risk neonatal units classified as stable. The subjects randomized to the experimental group (n = 150) were allocated to LDC conditions are as follows: light from 07:00 to 19:00 and darkness (25 lx) from 19:00 to 07:00. The control group (n = 144) was kept under normal room light conditions (CBL) 24 h a day. Main outcome was weight gain and the effect of reducing the intensity of nocturnal light in development of premature infants. Infants to the LDC gained weight earlier, compared with those randomized to CBL, and had a significant reduction in length of hospital stay. These results highlight those premature infants subjected to a LDC exhibit improvements in physiological development, favoring earlier weight gain and consequently a decrease in hospital stays. ClinicalTrials.gov; 02/09/2020 ID: NCT05230706.

The implications of ABCC3 in cancer drug resistance: can we use it as a therapeutic target?

Drug resistance is one of the main causes of chemotherapy failure. Although several factors are involved in cancer drug resistant, the exporter pumps overexpression that mediates the drugs flow to outside the cells and reduces both the drugs intracellular concentration and effectiveness, has been one of the most important challenges. Overexpression of ABCC3, a member of the ABCC subfamily, has been strongly associated to the resistance to multiple drugs. ABCC3 has been found highly expressed in different types of cancers and is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to treatments. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer drug resistance and discuss the current knowledge about the structure, function and role of ABCC3 in drug resistance, as well as, the expression status of ABCC3 in different types of cancer. We also provide evidences that place ABCC3 as a potential therapeutic target for improving the cancer treatment by focusing on the need of developing more effective cancer therapies to target ABCC3 in translational researches.

Psychological response of family members of patients hospitalised for influenza A/H1N1 in Oaxaca, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: The A/H1N1 pandemic originated in Mexico in April 2009, amid high uncertainty, social and economic disruption, and media reports of panic. The aim of this research project was to evaluate the psychological response of family primary caregivers of patients hospitalised in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with suspected influenza A/H1N1 to establish whether there was empirical evidence of high adverse psychological response, and to identify risk factors for such a response. If such evidence was found, a secondary aim was to develop a specific early intervention of psychological support for these individuals, to reduce distress and possibly lessen the likelihood of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the longer term. METHODS: Psychological assessment questionnaires were administered to the family primary caregivers of patients hospitalised in the ICU in the General Hospital of Zone 1 of the Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS), Oaxaca, Mexico with suspected influenza A/H1N1, during the month of November 2009. The main outcome measures were ratings of reported perceived stress (PSS-10), depression (CES-D), and death anxiety (DAQ). Data were subjected to simple and multiple linear regression analysis to identify risk factors for adverse psychological response. RESULTS: Elevated levels of perceived stress and depression, compared to population normative data, and moderate levels of death anxiety were noted. Levels of depression were similar to those found in comparable studies of family members of ICU patients admitted for other conditions. Multiple regression analysis indicated that increasing age and non-spousal family relationship were significantly associated with depression and perceived stress. Female gender, increasing age, and higher levels of education were significantly associated with high death anxiety. Comparisons with data collected in previous studies in the same hospital ICU with groups affected by a range of other medical conditions indicated that the psychological response reported in this study was generally lower. CONCLUSIONS: Data indicated that, contrary to widely publicised reports of 'panic' surrounding A/H1N1, that some of those most directly affected did not report excessive psychological responses; however, we concluded that there was sufficient evidence to support provision of limited psychological support to family caregivers.